The Debatable Land Read online

  Wood, Charles Lindley. Lord Halifax’s Ghost Book. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1936.

  Zug, Charles G. ‘The Ballad and History: The Case for Scott’. Folklore, LXXXIX, 2 (1978), pp. 229–42.

  General Index

  Border surnames are given in their modern forms. E.g. ‘Elliot’ for ‘Elwodd’ or ‘Elwold’, ‘Graham’ for ‘Greme’ or ‘Grayme’.

  DL = Debatable Land

  accent divide ref1, ref2

  Acts of Union (1707) ref1

  Áedán mac Gabráin, King of Dál Riata ref1

  Aedui tribe ref1

  Agricola, Gnaeus Julius ref1

  Alexander III of Scotland ref1

  Anglo-Saxon, language see Old English

  Anglo-Saxons ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Antonine Itinerary ref1

  Armstrong, Alexander (‘Lang Sandy’) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Armstrong, Archebald ref1

  Armstrong, Archibald (‘Archy’) ref1

  Armstrong, David (‘Davy the Lady’) ref1

  Armstrong, George (‘Geordie Armstrong of Cadgill’) ref1

  Armstrong, Hector (‘Hector of Harelaw’) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  Armstrong, Hector (‘Yonge Hector’) ref1

  Armstrong, John, blacksmith ref1

  Armstrong, John (‘John of the Side’) ref1

  Armstrong, John (‘Johnnie Armstrong of Gilnockie’) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Armstrong, Dr John, poet ref1

  Armstrong, Lance (‘Bonnyboots’) ref1

  Armstrong, Simon (‘Sim’), of Cat Hill ref1

  Armstrong, Simon (‘Sim’), of Whithaugh ref1

  Armstrong, Thom (Thomas) ref1

  Armstrong, William, of Kinmont (or Sark, or Morton) (‘Kinmont Willie’) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

  Armstrong, William (‘Ill Will’) ref1

  Armstrong, William (‘Sorbytrees’), farmer ref1

  Armstrong, William, of Sark ref1

  Armstrong–Graham marriages ref1

  Armstrong surname ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17

  invasion of DL ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

  repression of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  Armstrongs of Whithaugh ref1

  Arthur, King, legendary figure ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

  Arthur, ‘leader of battles’ ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  ‘Arthur’ place names ref1, ref2, ref3

  Artorius see Castus, Lucius Artorius

  Arverni tribe ref1

  ‘Auld Alliance’ (Scotland and France) ref1

  ballads ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10

  Barbarian Conspiracy (AD 367) ref1

  barmkins / barnekins ref1, ref2, ref3

  ‘batable’ see ‘debatable’

  Batie surname ref1

  Batteson surname ref1

  bauchling / bawchling ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  beacons ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  The Beatles ref1

  Beattie surname ref1, ref2

  Beatties of Sark ref1

  Beckett, Samuel ref1

  Bell surname ref1, ref2, ref3

  Bertie, Peregrine, thirteenth Baron Willoughby de Eresby ref1

  Bible, King James ref1, ref2

  bills (complaints) ref1, ref2, ref3

  Birrell, Robert ref1

  Bituriges tribe ref1

  ‘Black Jock’ (Johnnie Armstrong of Gilnockie; originally applied to a different John Armstrong) ref1

  ‘Black Knight of Liddesdale’ see Douglas, Sir William

  blackmail ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Blaeu, Joan ref1, ref2

  Blakey, Wattie, molecatcher ref1, ref2

  Bolbec, Hugh de ref1

  Bonnie Prince Charlie see Stuart, Charles Edward

  ‘Bonnyboots’ see Armstrong, Lance

  Book of Common Prayer ref1

  Border Commission ref1, ref2, ref3

  Border law see March law

  Bothwell see Hepburn, James; Stewart, Francis

  boundary markers ref1, ref2, ref3

  boundary names ref1, ref2, ref3

  Bowes, Sir Robert ref1, ref2

  Braveheart, film ref1

  Brettas (or Bretar) place names ref1

  Brexit see United Kingdom European Union Membership Referendum

  Brigantes tribe ref1, ref2

  Britons, ancient ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Brittonic (or Brythonic), language ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  ‘broken men’ (or ‘clanless loons’) ref1, ref2

  Buccleuch, Richard Scott, tenth Duke of ref1

  Buccleuch, Walter Scott, first Lord Scott of (‘the Bold Buccleuch’) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9

  Buccleuch Estates ref1

  Buccleuch family ref1

  Buchan, John, first Baron Tweedsmuir ref1, ref2

  Buchan (or Doric) dialect ref1

  Buckingham, Duke of see Villiers

  Bullock, Henry ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  Burghley, Lord see Cecil, William

  burial practices ref1, ref2

  Burns, Robert ref1, ref2

  buses ref1, ref2

  127 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9

  AD122 ref1

  X95 ref1

  ‘busy weeks’ (or ‘ill weeks’) ref1, ref2

  Byers surname ref1

  Caesar, Gaius Julius ref1

  Calvert surname ref1

  Camden, William ref1, ref2

  ‘Camelot’, fictional court ref1

  Campbell clan ref1

  Carey, Robert, first Earl of Monmouth ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Carleton, Thomas ref1

  Carlisle (or Carlyle) surname ref1

  Carlisle United football club ref1, ref2

  Carmichael, Sir John ref1, ref2

  Carruthers surname ref1, ref2

  Cassius Dio Cocceianus ref1, ref2, ref3

  Castus, Lucius Artorius ref1, ref2

  ‘The Cattle-Raid of Cooley’ ref1

  Cecil, Robert, first Earl of Salisbury ref1, ref2, ref3

  Cecil, William, first Baron Burghley ref1

  Celtic languages ref1, ref2

  Celts, ancient ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13

  Charles I ref1

  Charlton, William, engine driver ref1

  Charlton surname ref1

  Chichester, Arthur, first Baron Chichester of Belfast ref1

  Church of England ref1, ref2

  Church of Scotland ref1

  Clan Armstrong Trust ref1

  clans see surnames

  Clark, Stewart ref1

  Clifford, George, third Earl of Cumberland ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Commodus, Marcus Aurelius, emperor ref1, ref2

  common land ref1

  communication networks ref1

  Conservative Party ref1

  Copshaw Clatter (Newcastleton) ref1

  Cranston (or Cranstoun), William, first Lord Cranstoun ref1

  Cromwell, Thomas, first Earl of Essex ref1

  Croser, Clement (‘Nebless Clem’) ref1

  Croser, William (‘Ill-Wild Will’) ref1

  Croser (or Crozier) surname ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Cumberland, Earl of see Clifford

  Cumberland News (Carlisle) ref1

  Cumbria County Council ref1

  Cumbric, language or dialect ref1, ref2

  Dacre, Sir Christopher ref1

  Dacre, Elizabeth, Baroness Gilsland ref1

  Dacre, Thomas, second Baron Dacre of Gilsland ref1, ref2, ref3

  Dacre, William, third Baron Dacre of Gilsland ref1, ref2, ref3

  Dacre surname ref1

  Damnonii tribe ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  Davies, Hugh ref1


  Davison, surname ref1, ref2

  Debatable Land

  ancient origins ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13

  as ‘batable’ land ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

  as reivers’ stronghold ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

  as part of Anglo-Scottish border ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13

  as tribal buffer zone ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  boundaries ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17

  boundary chapels ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  boundary forts ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

  colonization and cultivation ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  depopulation and deportation ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  devastation ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

  geography (physical) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14

  invasion by clans or ‘surnames’ ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  invasion by government troops ref1, ref2

  maps ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12

  misconceptions ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

  partition ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10

  population ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  post-partition ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  present-day ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16

  role in formation of UK ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  surveys ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

  traditional legal status ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

  Dixon (or Dickson) surname ref1, ref2

  Dodd surname ref1

  Domesday Book ref1

  Douglas, Sir Robert ref1, ref2

  Douglas, Sir William, ‘the Black Knight of Liddesdale’ ref1

  Douglas surname ref1

  Druids ref1, ref2

  Dudley, John, first Duke of Northumberland ref1

  Dunbar, Gavin, Archbishop of Glasgow ref1, ref2

  Dunne surname ref1

  Edward I ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Edward II ref1, ref2

  Edward VI ref1, ref2, ref3

  ‘Egyptians’ ref1

  Elizabeth I ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10

  Elliot, Archie (‘Dog Pyntle Elliot’) ref1

  Elliot, Archie (‘Fire-the-Braes’) ref1

  Elliot, George (‘Buggerback’) ref1

  Elliot, Jock (‘Jock Halflugs’) ref1

  Elliot, John, printer ref1

  Elliot, John (‘Little Jock’) ref1, ref2

  Elliot, Robin (‘the Bastarde of Glenvoren’) ref1

  Elliot, William (‘Wynking Will’) ref1

  Elliot surname ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13

  Elliots of Liddesdale ref1, ref2

  Elliots of Newcastleton ref1

  Eskdale & Liddesdale Advertiser ref1, ref2

  EU Referendum see United Kingdom European Union Membership Referendum

  European Union ref1, ref2, ref3

  Evens, Eunice ref1, ref2

  Evens, George Bramwell (‘Romany’) ref1, ref2

  Fenwick, Mary ref1

  Fenwick surname ref1, ref2

  fish garth ref1

  fishing ref1, ref2, ref3

  Flying Scotsman, train ref1

  football ref1, ref2, ref3

  forestry ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Forster, Sir John ref1, ref2

  Forster, Margaret, of Allergarth ref1

  Forster, Nicholas, son of Sir John ref1

  Forster, Thome, of Allergarth ref1

  Forster (or Foster) surname ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

  Foster, Hobb, of Kershope Leys ref1

  Foster, Will, of Greena ref1

  François II ref1

  Franks ref1

  Fraser, George MacDonald ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Gaelic, language ref1, ref2, ref3

  Gauls, ancient ref1

  Geoffrey of Monmouth ref1

  Gibson, Mel ref1

  Gilpin, Bernard ref1

  Glaster surname ref1

  Gow, Ian, MP ref1

  Graham, Archie ref1

  Graham, Billy, evangelist ref1

  Graham, Fargus (‘Fargus of Mote’) ref1

  Graham, Fergus, of Plomp (‘Fargus the Plumpes’) ref1

  Graham, Lady Hermione ref1

  Graham, John, labourer ref1

  Graham, John, of Grasmere ref1

  Graham, Richard (‘Old Rich of Netherby’) ref1, ref2

  Graham, Richard (‘Richey Grayme of Brackenhill’) ref1, ref2,

  Graham, Sir Richard (‘the Good Man of Netherby in the Wood’) ref1

  Graham, Thomas, of Kirkanders ref1

  Graham, Thomas (Tom Greme) ref1

  Graham, Umfraye (‘Shag’) ref1

  Graham, William, of Meedop ref1

  Graham, William (‘Lang Will’), of Stuble ref1

  Graham surname ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18

  deportation ref1, ref2

  invasion of DL ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

  Grahams of Netherby ref1

  grassmail ref1

  graticules ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  ‘graynes’ ref1

  Great Monition of Cursing (1525) ref1, ref2, ref3

  Gulf Stream ref1

  Gwenddoleu, King ref1

  ‘Hadrian’s Wall’, garden feature ref1

  haggis ref1, ref2, ref3

  Hall surname ref1

  Halliday surname ref1

  ‘Hands Across the Border’ campaign ref1, ref2

  Harden surname ref1

  Hector of Harelaw see Armstrong, Hector

  Henderson surname ref1, ref2

  Henri II ref1

  Henry III ref1

  Henry VIII ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Hepburn, James, fourth Earl of Bothwell ref1, ref2, ref3

  Hercules ref1, ref2

  Hetherington surname ref1

  Highland Clearances ref1

  Historia Brittonum ref1, ref2, ref3

  Historia Regum Britanniae ref1

  Hodgson surname ref1

  horse riding ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Huntington surname ref1

  Irish Republican Army ref1

  Irvine (or Irwin) surname ref1, ref2, ref3

  Irwin, Laird of Gretna ref1

  Irwin, George (‘Curst Georgie’) ref1

  Jacobite rebellion (1745) ref1

  James IV ref1

  James V ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  James VI and I ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13

  Jardine surname ref1, ref2

  Jeddart justice ref1

  Jesus Christ ref1, ref2

  John I (John Lackland) ref1, ref2

  Johnson, Lyndon Baines ref1

  Johnstone surname ref1, ref2

  Kenneth I see MacAlpin

  Ker (or Kerr) of Cessford, Sir Robert ref1

  Kerr surname ref1

  King Arthur, film ref1

  Kinmont Willie see Armstrong, William, of Kinmont

  ‘koyners’ (counterfeiters) ref1

  Laidlaw surname ref1

  lairds ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  ‘Lang Sandy’ see Armstrong, Alexander

  ‘Lang Sandy’ statue, Rowanburn ref1, ref2, ref3

  Lazarus, Raising of ref1

  Leges marchiarum see March law

  Legio II Augusta ref1

  Legio VI Victrix ref1, ref2

  Legio XX Valeria
Victrix ref1

  Leland, John ref1

  Lesley (or Leslie), John, Bishop of Ross ref1

  Liddesdale, Keepers of ref1

  Liddesdale drow ref1, ref2

  Lilliard, Maiden, legendary figure ref1

  Lindsay, Earls of ref1

  Little surname ref1, ref2, ref3

  Lowther, Sir Richard ref1

  Lyddesdales (men of Liddesdale) ref1

  MacAlpin, Kenneth (Cináed mac Ailpín), Kenneth I ref1

  MacDiarmid, Hugh (Christopher Murray Grieve) ref1

  Macdonald clan ref1

  McMurtry, Larry ref1

  Maharg surname ref1

  Maitland, Sir Richard, of Lethington ref1, ref2

  Manchester United football club ref1

  Maponus, Celtic god ref1, ref2

  March law / Border law ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Marinus of Tyre ref1, ref2

  marriages, cross-border ref1, ref2, ref3

  Mary Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart, Mary I) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9

  Maxwell, Herbert ref1

  Maxwell, James ref1, ref2

  Maxwell, Robert, fifth Lord Maxwell ref1

  Maxwell, Robert, sixth Lord Maxwell ref1

  Maxwell surname ref1

  Merlin, Arthurian character ref1, ref2

  Middle English, language ref1

  Milburn surname ref1

  milestones ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Mitchell, Elizabeth ref1

  moles ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  Monnipennie, John ref1

  Musgrave, Thomas ref1, ref2

  Musgrave surname ref1

  Myrddin, legendary bard of King Gwenddoleu ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  ‘Nasty Nixon’, reiver character ref1

  National Archives of Scotland ref1

  National Cycle Network ref1

  Neave, Airey, MP ref1

  Neville, Charles, sixth Earl of Westmorland ref1

  Newcastleton Traditional Music Festival ref1

  News and Star (Carlisle) ref1

  New York Times ref1

  Nichol surname ref1

  Night Mail, film ref1

  Nixon, George (‘Ill-Drowned Geordie’) ref1

  Nixon, John (‘Gleyed John’) ref1

  Nixon, Richard Milhous ref1

  Nixon, William (‘Fingerless Will’) ref1

  Nixon surname ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

  Noble surname ref1, ref2, ref3

  Norman Conquest ref1, ref2, ref3

  North British Railway ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  North Sea oil ref1

  Ogham inscriptions ref1

  Old English, language ref1, ref2

  Old Norse, language ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

  Oliver surname ref1

  Order for the Burial of the Dead ref1

  Ordnance Survey ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  otters ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4